Дзвінцеві

Chironomidae sp. female on flower of Euryops sp. damage caused by beetles in family Meloidae

Chironomidae larva, about 1 cm long, the head is right: The magnified tail details are from other images of the same animal.

Chironomidae larva showing the characteristic red color. ~40× magnification. The head is towards the upper left, just out of view

Дзвінцеві, або товкунові, також комарі-дзвінці, комарі-товкуни, хірономіди (Chironomidae) — родина комах ряду Довговусі (Nematocera), поширених по цілому Світі. Є близькими до родин Ceratopogonidae, Simuliidae і Thaumaleidae. Багато видів зовні нагадують комарів, але відрізняються будовою крил і ротового апарату.

Личинки хіронімід відомі під назвою мотиль та є поширеним кормом для акваріумних тварин.

Таксономія

Родина поділяється на 11 підродин: Aphroteniinae, Buchonomyiinae, Chilenomyinae, Chironominae, Diamesinae, Orthocladiinae, Podonominae, Prodiamesinae, Tanypodinae, Telmatogetoninae і Usambaromyiinae. Містить такі роди:

Aagaardia Saether, or Sæther 2000 Abiskomyia Edwards, 1937 Ablabesmyia Johannsen, 1905 Acalcarella Acamptocladius Brundin, 1956 Acricotopus Acricotopus Kieffer, 1921 Aedokritus Aenne Afrochlus Afrozavrelia Harrison, 2004 Allocladius Allometriocnemus Allotrissocladius Alotanypus Roback, 1971 Amblycladius Amnihayesomyia Amphismittia Anaphrotenia Anatopynia Johannsen, 1905 Ancylocladius Andamanus Antillocladius Sæther, 1981 Anuncotendipes Apedilum Townes, 1945 Aphrotenia Aphroteniella Apometriocnemus Sæther, 1984 Apsectrotanypus Fittkau, 1962 Archaeochlus Arctodiamesa Makarchenko, 1983 Arctopelopia Fittkau, 1962 Arctosmittia Asachironomus Asclerina Asheum Australopelopia Austrobrillia Austrochlus Austrocladius Axarus Roback 1980 Baeoctenus Baeotendipes Kieffer, 1913 Bavarismittia Beardius Beckidia Sæther 1979 Belgica Bernhardia Bethbilbeckia Biwatendipes Boreochlus Edwards, 1938 Boreoheptagyia Brundin 1966 Boreosmittia Botryocladius Brillia Kieffer, 1913 Brundiniella Brunieria Bryophaenocladius Thienemann, 1934 Buchonomyia Fittkau, 1955 Caladomyia Camposimyia Camptocladius van der Wulp, 1874 Cantopelopia Carbochironomus Reiss & Kirschbaum 1990 Cardiocladius Kieffer, 1912 Chaetocladius Kieffer, 1911 Chasmatonotus Chernovskiia Sæther 1977 Chilenomyia Chirocladius Chironomidae (genus) Chironominae Chironomini Chironomus Meigen, 1803 Chrysopelopia Cladopelma Kieffer, 1921 Cladotanytarsus Kieffer, 1921 Clinotanypus Kieffer, 1913 Clunio Haliday, 1855 Coelopynia Coelotanypus Coffmania Collartomyia Colosmittia Compteromesa Sæther 1981 Compterosmittia Conchapelopia Fittkau, 1957 Conochironomus Constempellina Brundin, 1947 Corynocera Zetterstedt, 1838 Corynoneura Winnertz, 1846 Corynoneurella Brundin, 1949 Corytibacladius Cricotopus van der Wulp, 1874 Cryptochironomus Kieffer, 1918 Cryptotendipes Lenz, 1941 Cyphomella Sæther 1977 Dactylocladius Daitoyusurika Demeijerea Kruseman, 1933 Demicryptochironomus Lenz, 1941 Denopelopia Derotanypus Diamesa Meigen in Gistl, 1835 Diamesinae Dicrotendipes Kieffer, 1913 Diplocladius Kieffer, 1908 Diplosmittia Djalmabatista Fittkau, 1968 Doithrix Doloplastus Doncricotopus Dratnalia Echinocladius Edwardsidia Einfeldia Kieffer, 1924 Endochironomus Kieffer, 1918 Endotribelos Epoicocladius Sulc & ZavÍel, 1924 Eretmoptera Eukiefferiella Thienemann, 1926 Eurycnemus van der Wulp, 1874 Euryhapsis Oliver, 1981 Eusmittia Fissimentum Fittkauimyia Fleuria Freemaniella Friederia Georthocladius Strenzke, 1941 Gillotia Kieffer, 1921 Glushkovella Glyptotendipes Kieffer, 1913 Goeldichironomus Graceus Goetghebuer, 1928 Gravatamberus Gressittius Guassutanypus Guttipelopia Fittkau, 1962 Gymnometriocnemus Goetghebeur, 1932 Gynnidocladius Gynocladius Mendes, Sæther & Andrade-Morraye, 2005 Hahayusurika Halirytus Halocladius Hirvenoja, 1973 Hanochironomus Hanocladius Harnischia Kieffer, 1921

Harrisius Harrisonina Hayesomyia Murray & Fittkau, 1985 Heleniella Gouin, 1943 Helopelopia Roback, 1971 Henrardia Heptagyia Heterotanytarsus Spärck, 1923 Heterotrissocladius Spärck, 1923 Hevelius Himatendipes Hirosimayusurika Hudsonimyia Roback, 1979 Hydrobaenus Hydrosmittia Hyporhygma Ichthyocladius Fittkau, 1974 Ikiprimus Ikisecundus Imparipecten Indoaxarus Indocladius Ionthosmittia Irisobrillia Kaluginia Kamelopelopia Kaniwhaniwhanus Kiefferophyes Kiefferulus Goetghebuer, 1922 Knepperia Kloosia Kruseman 1933 Krenopelopia Fittkau, 1962 Krenopsectra Krenosmittia Thienemann & Krüger, 1939 Kribiobius Kribiocosmus Kribiodosis Kribiopelma Kribiothauma Kribioxenus Kurobebrillia Kuschelius Labrundinia Fittkau, 1962 Lappodiamesa Serra-Tosio, 1968 Lappokiefferiella Lapposmittia Larsia Fittkau, 1962 Lasiodiamesa Kieffer, 1924 Laurotanypus Lauterborniella Thienemann & Bause, 1913 Lepidopelopia Lepidopodus Lerheimia Limaya Limnophyes Eaton, 1875 Lindebergia Linevitshia Lipiniella Shilova 1961 Lipurometriocnemus Lithotanytarsus Litocladius Andersen, Mendes & Sæther 2004 Ljungneria Lobodiamesa Lobomyia Lobosmittia Lopescladius Lunditendipes Lyrocladius Mendes & Andersen, 2008 Macropelopia Thienemann, 1916 Macropelopini Manoa Maoridiamesa Mapucheptagyia Maryella Mecaorus Megacentron Mesocricotopus Mesosmittia Brundin, 1956 Metriocnemus van der Wulp, 1874 Microchironomus Kieffer, 1918 Micropsectra Kieffer, 1909 Microtendipes Kieffer, 1915 Microzetia Molleriella Mongolchironomus Mongolcladius Mongolyusurika Monodiamesa Kieffer, 1922 Monopelopia Fittkau, 1962 Murraycladius Nakataia Nandeca Nanocladius Kieffer, 1913 Naonella Nasuticladius Natarsia Fittkau, 1962 Neelamia Neobrillia Neopodonomus Neostempellina Neozavrelia Goetghebuer, 1941 Nesiocladius Nilodorum Nilodosis Nilotanypus Kieffer, 1923 Nilothauma Kieffer, 1921 Nimbocera Notocladius Odontomesa Pagast, 1947 Okayamayusurika Okinawayusurika Olecryptotendipes Oleia Oliveridia Sæther, 1980 Omisus Townes, 1945 Onconeura Ophryophorus Oreadomyia Orthocladiinae Orthocladius van der Wulp, 1874 Oryctochlus Oukuriella Pagastia Oliver, 1959 Pagastiella Brundin, 1949 Paraboreochlus Thienemann, 1939 Parachaetocladius Parachironomus Lenz, 1921 Paracladius Hirvenoja, 1973 Paracladopelma Harnisch, 1923 Paracricotopus Thienemann & Harnisch, 1932 Parakiefferiella Thienemann, 1936 Paralauterborniella Lenz, 1941 Paralimnophyes Brundin, 1956 Paramerina Fittkau, 1962 Parametriocnemus Goetghebuer, 1932 Pamirocesa Paraborniella Parachironominae Paradoxocladius Paraheptagyia Paranilothauma Parapentaneura Paraphaenocladius Thienemann, 1924 Paraphrotenia Parapsectra Reiss, 1969 Parapsectrocladius Parasmittia Paratanytarsus Thienemann & Bause, 1913 Paratendipes Kieffer, 1911 Paratrichocladius Thienemann, 1942 Paratrissocladius ZavÍel, 1937

Parochlus Enderlein, 1912 Parorthocladius Thienemann, 1935 Parvitergum Paucispinigera Pelomus' Pentaneura Pentaneurella Pentaneurini Pentapedilum Petalocladius Phaenopsectra Kieffer, 1921 Physoneura Pirara Platysmittia Saether, 1982 Plhudsonia Podochlus Podonomopsis Podonomus Polypedilum Kieffer, 1912 Pontomyia Potthastia Kieffer, 1922 Prochironomus Procladiini Procladius Skuse, 1889 Prodiamesa Kieffer, 1906 Propsilocerus Prosmittia Protanypus Kieffer, 1906 Psectrocladius Kieffer, 1906 Psectrotanypus Kieffer, 1909 Pseudobrillia Pseudochironomus Malloch, 1915 Pseudodiamesa Goetghebuer, 1939 Pseudohydrobaenus Pseudokiefferiella Zavrel, 1941 Pseudorthocladius Goetghebuer, 1932 Pseudosmittia Goetghebuer, 1932 Psilochironomus Psilometriocnemus Sæther, 1969 Pterosis Qiniella Reissmesa Rheochlus Rheocricotopus Brundin, 1956 Rheomus Rheomyia Rheopelopia Fittkau, 1962 Rheosmittia Brundin, 1956 Rheotanytarsus Thienemann & Bause, 1913 Rhinocladius Riethia Robackia Sæther, 1977 Saetheria Jackson, 1977 Saetheriella Halvorsen, 1982 Saetherocladius Saetherocryptus Saetheromyia Saetherops Sasayusurika Schineriella Murray & Fittkau, 1988 Semiocladius Setukoyusurika Seppia Sergentia Kieffer, 1922 Shangomyia Shilovia Skusella Skutzia Smittia Holmgren, 1869 Stackelbergina Stelechomyia Stempellina Thienemann & Bause, 1913 Stempellinella Brundin, 1947 Stenochironomus Kieffer, 1919 Stictochironomus Kieffer, 1919 Stictocladius Stictotendipes Stilocladius Rossaro, 1979 Sublettea Sublettiella Sumatendipes Symbiocladius Kieffer, 1925 Sympotthastia Pagast, 1947 Syndiamesa Kieffer, 1918 Synendotendipes Grodhaus, 1987 Synorthocladius Thienemann, 1935 Tanypodinae Tanypus Meigen, 1803 Tanytarsini Tanytarsus van der Wulp, 1874 Tavastia Telmatogeton Schiner, 1866 Telmatopelopia Fittkau, 1962 Telopelopia Tempisquitoneura Tethymyia Thalassomya Schiner, 1856 Thalassosmittia Strenzke & Remmert, 1957 Thienemannia Kieffer, 1909 Thienemanniella Kieffer, 1911 Thienemannimyia Fittkau, 1957 Thienemanniola Tobachironomus Tokunagaia Sæther, 1973 Tokunagayusurika Tokyobrillia Tosayusurika Townsia Toyamayusurika Tribelos Townes, 1945 Trichochilus Trichosmittia Trichotanypus Kieffer, 1906 Trissocladius Kieffer, 1908 Trissopelopia Kieffer, 1923 Trondia Tsudayusurika Tusimayusurika Tvetenia Kieffer, 1922 Unniella Sæther, 1982 Usambaromyia Andersen & Sæther, 1994 Virgatanytarsus Pinder, 1982 Vivacricotopus Wirthiella Xenochironomus Kieffer, 1921 Xenopelopia Fittkau, 1962 Xestochironomus Xestotendipes Xiaomyia Xylotopus Yaeprimus Yaequartus Yaequintus Yaesecundus Yaetanytarsus Yaetertius Yama Zalutschia Lipina, 1939 Zavrelia Kieffer, 1913 Zavreliella Kieffer, 1920 Zavrelimyia Fittkau, 1962 Zelandochlus Zhouomyia Zuluchironomus

Посилання

• The Chironomid Home Page
• Chironomidae and Water Beetles of Florida [Архівовано 14 січня 2009 у Wayback Machine.]
• Chironomidae Research Group, University of Minnesota
• Family Chironomidae at Soil and Water Conservation Society of Metro Halifax [Архівовано 22 березня 2013 у Wayback Machine.]
• Checklist of UK Recorded Chironomidae
• Chironomidae at Nomina Insecta Nearctica
• Chironomid Palaeoecology @ UBC Okanagan [Архівовано 8 березня 2022 у Wayback Machine.]
• Chironomidae at Australian Faunal Directory
• Hydrilla tip mining midge. Featured Creatures. University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. Архів оригіналу за 3 лютого 2013. Процитовано 17 грудня 2012.
• Diptera.info [Архівовано 17 лютого 2013 у Wayback Machine.] Images