Промислова рентгенографія

Одержання рентгенограми

Промислова рентгенографія — це метод неруйнівного тестування, коли можна перевірити багато типів вироблених компонентів для перевірки внутрішньої структури та цілісності зразка.

Загальна характеристика

Промислова рентгенографія може бути виконана з використанням рентгенівських або гамма-променів. Обидва є формами електромагнітного випромінювання. Різниця між різними формами електромагнітної енергії пов'язана з довжиною хвилі. Рентгенівські та гамма-промені мають найменшу довжину хвилі, і ця властивість призводить до здатності проникати у речовину різних матеріалів, наприклад, таких як вуглецева сталь та інші метали. Конкретні методи включають промислову комп'ютерну томографію.

Стандарти, які використовуються в галузі промислової рентгенографії

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

• ISO 4993, Steel and iron castings – Radiographic inspection
• ISO 5579, Non-destructive testing – Radiographic examination of metallic materials by X- and gamma-rays – Basic rules
• ISO 10675-1, Non-destructive testing of welds – Acceptance levels for radiographic testing – Part 1: Steel, nickel, titanium and their alloys
• ISO 11699-1, Non-destructive testing – Industrial radiographic films – Part 1: Classification of film systems for industrial radiography
• ISO 11699-2, Non-destructive testing – Industrial radiographic films – Part 2: Control of film processing by means of reference values
• ISO 14096-1, Non-destructive testing – Qualification of radiographic film digitisation systems – Part 1: Definitions, quantitative measurements of image quality parameters, standard reference film and qualitative control
• ISO 14096-2, Non-destructive testing – Qualification of radiographic film digitisation systems – Part 2: Minimum requirements
• ISO 17636-1: Non-destructive testing of welds. Radiographic testing. X- and gamma-ray techniques with film
• ISO 17636-2: Non-destructive testing of welds. Radiographic testing. X- and gamma-ray techniques with digital detectors
• ISO 19232, Non-destructive testing – Image quality of radiographs

European Committee for Standardization (CEN)

• EN 444, Non-destructive testing; general principles for the radiographic examination of metallic materials using X-rays and gamma-rays
• EN 462-1: Non-destructive testing – image quality of radiographs – Part 1: Image quality indicators (wire type) – determination of image quality value
• EN 462-2, Non-destructive testing – image quality of radiographs – Part 2: image quality indicators (step/hole type) determination of image quality value
• EN 462-3, Non-destructive testing – Image quality of radiogrammes – Part 3: Image quality classes for ferrous metals
• EN 462-4, Non-destructive testing – Image quality of radiographs – Part 4: Experimental evaluation of image quality values and image quality tables
• EN 462-5, Non-destructive testing – Image quality of radiographs – Part 5: Image quality of indicators (duplex wire type), determination of image unsharpness value
• EN 584-1, Non-destructive testing – Industrial radiographic film – Part 1: Classification of film systems for industrial radiography
• EN 584-2, Non-destructive testing – Industrial radiographic film – Part 2: Control of film processing by means of reference values
• EN 1330-3, Non-destructive testing – Terminology – Part 3: Terms used in industrial radiographic testing
• EN 2002–21, Aerospace series – Metallic materials; test methods – Part 21: Radiographic testing of castings
• EN 10246-10, Non-destructive testing of steel tubes – Part 10: Radiographic testing of the weld seam of automatic fusion arc welded steel tubes for the detection of imperfections
• EN 12517-1, Non-destructive testing of welds – Part 1: Evaluation of welded joints in steel, nickel, titanium and their alloys by radiography – Acceptance levels
• EN 12517-2, Non-destructive testing of welds – Part 2: Evaluation of welded joints in aluminium and its alloys by radiography – Acceptance levels
• EN 12679, Non-destructive testing – Determination of the size of industrial radiographic sources – Radiographic method
• EN 12681, Founding – Radiographic examination
• EN 13068, Non-destructive testing – Radioscopic testing
• EN 14096, Non-destructive testing – Qualification of radiographic film digitisation systems
• EN 14784-1, Non-destructive testing – Industrial computed radiography with storage phosphor imaging plates – Part 1: Classification of systems
• EN 14584-2, Non-destructive testing – Industrial computed radiography with storage phosphor imaging plates – Part 2: General principles for testing of metallic materials using X-rays and gamma rays

ASTM International (ASTM)

• ASTM E 94, Standard Guide for Radiographic Examination
• ASTM E 155, Standard Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum and Magnesium Castings
• ASTM E 592, Standard Guide to Obtainable ASTM Equivalent Penetrameter Sensitivity for Radiography of Steel Plates 1/4 to 2 in. [6 to 51 mm] Thick with X Rays and 1 to 6 in. [25 to 152 mm] Thick with Cobalt-60
• ASTM E 747, Standard Practice for Design, Manufacture and Material Grouping Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used for Radiology
• ASTM E 801, Standard Practice for Controlling Quality of Radiological Examination of Electronic Devices
• ASTM E 1030, Standard Test Method for Radiographic Examination of Metallic Castings
• ASTM E 1032, Standard Test Method for Radiographic Examination of Weldments
• ASTM 1161, Standard Practice for Radiologic Examination of Semiconductors and Electronic Components
• ASTM E 1648, Standard Reference Radiographs for Examination of Aluminum Fusion Welds
• ASTM E 1735, Standard Test Method for Determining Relative Image Quality of Industrial Radiographic Film Exposed to X-Radiation from 4 to 25 MeV
• ASTM E 1815, Standard Test Method for Classification of Film Systems for Industrial Radiography
• ASTM E 1817, Standard Practice for Controlling Quality of Radiological Examination by Using Representative Quality Indicators (RQIs)
• ASTM E 2104, Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination of Advanced Aero and Turbine Materials and Components

American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)

• BPVC Section V, Nondestructive Examination: Article 2 Radiographic Examination

American Petroleum Institute (API)

• API 1104, Welding of Pipelines and Related Facilities: 11.1 Radiographic Test Methods

Інтернет-ресурси

• NIST's XAAMDI: X-Ray Attenuation and Absorption for Materials of Dosimetric Interest Database
• NIST's XCOM: Photon Cross Sections Database
• NIST's FAST: Attenuation and Scattering Tables
• A lost industrial radiography source event
• UN information on the security of industrial sources